A factor(s) that influence the way messages are received includes?

The correct response highlights that multiple factors influence how messages are received, which is fundamental in the context of communication, especially in sports psychology.

Selective attention refers to the process by which individuals focus on specific aspects of their environment while ignoring others. In sports, athletes might selectively attend to cues relevant to their performance while filtering out distracting information, which greatly affects how they comprehend feedback or instructions.

Perceptual filtering involves the mental processes that shape our perception based on personal experiences, beliefs, and expectations. For athletes, this means their past experiences might influence how they interpret a coach's words or feedback during practice or competition.

Psychological expectancies reflect the preconceived notions or beliefs individuals hold about outcomes or events. For example, if an athlete expects to succeed based on prior training, they may interpret feedback positively, which can enhance their performance.

Each of these factors plays a critical role in how messages—whether verbal, non-verbal, or feedback—are received and interpreted in the sporting context. Understanding this can help coaches and sports psychologists improve communication strategies, ultimately leading to better performance and athlete development.