Sports psychologists study all the following EXCEPT for?

Sports psychologists focus primarily on aspects that directly impact an athlete's performance and well-being. Motivation is a fundamental area of study as it relates to how athletes can achieve their goals, maintain their drive, and enhance performance. Understanding group dynamics helps psychologists analyze how team interactions affect individual and collective performance, facilitating better collaboration and communication among athletes.

Violence in sports is also an area of interest, as it is essential to understand aggression, conflict, and their psychological implications for athletes and teams.

In contrast, Freudian theories, while influential in the broader field of psychology, do not directly pertain to the specific sports context that sports psychologists typically investigate. These theories focus more on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences, which are less applicable to the immediate psychological factors affecting athlete performance and teamwork. Thus, Freudian theories are not a primary focus for sports psychologists, marking this choice as the exception.