Which group is NOT typically affected by expectation-bias behavior?

Expectation-bias behavior refers to the influence of expectations on perceptions and performance. In this context, "Early maturing males" is not typically considered a group that is significantly affected by expectation-bias behavior compared to the other groups listed.

Research indicates that females, African Americans, and early maturing females often face societal stereotypes and expectations that can impact their performance and experiences in sports and other domains. These stereotypes can lead to biases, both positive and negative, affecting how they are treated, evaluated, and how they perform under pressure.

In contrast, early maturing males may not experience the same level of societal expectations or biases as intensely as the other groups, mainly due to the prevailing cultural norms that often favor aggressive or early development in male athletes. This can lead them to be perceived favorably, thus insulating them from the kinds of expectation-related biases that might hinder the performance of the other groups. Therefore, their developmental stage is less likely to be influenced by pervasive biases.